INTRODUCTION—13
1. WESTERN RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS’ APPROACH—15
2. THE APPROACH OF MUSLIM RELIGIOUS SCHOLARS—19
2.1. The social need for law—19
Farabi’s exposition—19
Avicenna’s exposition—20
‘Allameh Tabataba’i’s exposition—22
Evaluation—23
2.2. Knowing God or Science, and proceeding on the path toward God.—26
Evaluation—27
2.3. Assignment of duties leads to human perfection—27
Evaluation—28
2.4. Recognition of the path toward perfection—28
Evaluation—30
2.5. Select exposition – granting insight and incentive toward perfection—31
Man, the multi-dimensional being—31
Capacity for perfection—31
Desire to achieve perfection—32
Seek to recognize the path toward perfection—32
Possess intellect and free choice—32
Possessor of contradictory passions—33
Man’s epistemic and psychological shortcomings on the path to guidance—34
Theology—34
Conclusion—34
3. CLAIMING THE ADEQUACY OF SCIENCE AND THE INTELLECT—37
Evaluation—39
Shortcomings of science—40
The first shortcoming—40
The second shortcoming—42
The third shortcoming—43
Shortcomings of the intellect—44
The first shortcoming—44
The second shortcoming—46
The third shortcoming—48
Shortcomings shared by science and the intellect—49
The first shortcoming—49
The second shortcoming—49
The third shortcoming—53
The fourth shortcoming—53
The fifth shortcoming—55
The sixth shortcoming—57
The seventh shortcoming—57
The eighth shortcoming—59
The ninth shortcoming—60
The tenth shortcoming—61
Limitations of collective reason—62
4. PREVENTING CONTINGENT LOSSES IS ANOTHER ARGUMENT SUPPORTING THE NECESSITY OF RELIGION—67
5. DR. SOROUSH’S CLAIM: MODERN MAN DOES NOT NEED RELIGION—69
Exposition of the theory—69
Description or judgment—72
Arguments substantiating needlessness of religion.—73
Evaluation—75
Presenting a specific standard for needlessness.—78
Summary of the argument—80
Evaluation of the first premise—82
Evaluation of the second premise—82
The first problem—85
The second problem—86
The third problem—88
The fourth problem—89
Citation of the Qur’anic verses and traditions—90
Evaluation—91
Axiomatic teachings—93
Evaluation—94
Specific emphasis on Western countries’ needlessness of religion—95
6. THE WEST AND THE DAMAGING CONSEQUENCES OF EXTREME SCIENTISM AND RATIONALISM—101
Nihilism, anxiety, and loneliness—101
Mental fatigue and the feeling of spiritual and moral emptiness—105
Metamorphosis of man into a machine—109
Increase in criminal acts—110
Inability to solve the complications of modern man—111
APPENDIX—115
1. The ever-increasing religious tendencies in the West—115
The general public in the West—115
The twenty-first century: the decline of secularism—126
Western scholars’ ever-increasing religious tendencies—127
2. Scholars’ religious tendencies at the beginning of the 20th century—127
3. The Deadlock of excessive scientism—130
4. Beginning of the collapse of sheer materialism and the increasing efforts to appreciate the reality of religion—134
5. Confessions of the 20th century standard-bearer of atheism to the existence of God—136
Dissemination of Islam in the West—139
Acknowledging the flourishing of political Islam—139
The Holy Qur’an, the number one bestseller in the West—139
Recitation of the Qur’an at the sessions of the European Union—140
Huntington’s theory—140
Confessions of an archbishop—141
Obligatory apologies for expressing offensive remarks against Islam—141
Recognition by academics and the social elite—142
Specific countries—143
The United States of America—143
American officers and privates in Iraq—145
An American female private at Imam Husayn’s holy shrine—146
Latin America—146
Canada—147
England—148
Britain—149
Denmark—149
Germany—149
France—150
Sweden—151
Hindus—151
Renaissance in Muslim countries—151
Reasons for converting to Islam as stated by new converts—152
The impact of Imam Khomeini’s character—152
Spread of moral evils, homosexuality, and domestic problems—152
The 9/11 catastrophe—153
Islam’s deliberation, moderation and logicality—153
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